Incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo / Increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate

Introducción: La industria nacional ha desarrollado un candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Ante su posible introducción en el sistema de salud debe valorarse el costo incremental que acarrearía. Objetivo: Estimar el incremento de los costos del Programa Nacional de Inmunización por la introducción del candidato vacunal contra neumococo. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos desde la perspectiva social para el año 2021. Se estudiaron ocho policlínicos de La Habana y se entrevistaron 38 familiares de lactantes. Se estimó el costo institucional, el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto mediante microcosteo. Se estimó el costo incremental para un esquema de tres dosis (2p+1), concomitantes con otras vacunas. Resultados: El costo total para el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en estos policlínicos estuvo entre los 337 000,00 CUP y los 513 000,00 CUP, con un costo por dosis entre 33,11 CUP y 47,30 CUP. El 31,6 por ciento de las familias reportó gastos en transportación de entre 5,00 CUP y 40,00 CUP. La introducción de la vacuna representaría un incremento entre 8,43 por ciento y 18,99 por ciento del costo base del Programa Nacional de Inmunización en los policlínicos. El costo por dosis sería de entre 34,17 CUP y 47,82 CUP, para un incremento de entre 0,28 CUP y 1,33 CUP. Conclusiones: La mayor parte del costo del Programa Nacional de Inmunización lo asume el Estado. La aplicación de la vacuna cubana contra neumococo solo aumentaría muy levemente el costo por dosis(AU)

Introduction: The national industry has developed a vaccine candidate against pneumococcus. Given its possible introduction into the health system, the incremental cost that it would entail must be assessed. Objective: To estimate the increase in the costs of the National Immunization Program due to the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine candidate. Methods: Study of cost description from the social perspective for the year 2021. Eight polyclinics in Havana were studied and 38 relatives of infants were interviewed. Institutional cost, out-of-pocket costs and indirect costs were estimated through microcost. The incremental cost was estimated for a three-dose schedule (2p+1), concomitant with other vaccines. Results: The total cost for the National Immunization Program in these polyclinics was between 337,000.00 CUP and 513,000.00 CUP, with a cost per dose between 33.11 CUP and 47.30 CUP. 31.6percent of families reported transportation expenses from 5.00 CUP to 40.00 CUP. The introduction of the vaccine would represent an increase between 8.43 percent and 18.99 percent of the base cost of the National Immunization Program in polyclinics. The cost per dose would be between 34.17 CUP and 47.82 CUP, for an increase of between 0.28 CUP and 1.33 CUP. Conclusions: Most of the cost of the National Immunization Program is borne by the State. The application of the Cuban pneumococcal vaccine would only slightly increase the cost per dose(AU)

Diagnostic costs: a research in a family medicine outpatient clinic

The aim of this study is to evaluate the direct diagnostic costs for disease groups and other variables (such as gender, age, seasons) that are related to the direct diagnostic costs based on a 3-year data. The population of the study consisted of 31,401 patients who applied to family medicine outpatient clinic in Turkey between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2018. With this study, we determined in which disease groups of the family medicine outpatient clinic weremost frequently admitted. Then, total and average diagnostic costs for these disease groups were calculated. Three-year data gave us the opportunity to examine the trend in diagnostic costs. Based on this, we demonstratedwhich diseases' total and average diagnostic costs increased or decreased during 3 years. Moreover, we examined how diagnostic costs showed a trend in both Turkish liras and USA dollars' rate for 3 years. Finally, we analysedwhether the diagnostic costs differed according to variables such as age, gender and season. There has been relatively little analysis on the diagnostic costs in the previous literature. Therefore, we expect to contribute to both theoristsand healthcare managers for diagnostic costs with this study.

Custos catastróficos em pacientes com tuberculose no Brasil: estudo em cinco capitais / Costos catastróficos en pacientes con tuberculosis en Brasil: un estudio en cinco capitales / Catastrophic costs in tuberculosis patients in Brazil: a study in five capitals

Resumo Objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico domiciliar do adoecimento pela tuberculose no Brasil. Método pesquisa transversal multicêntrica de 2016 a 2018, em cinco capitais do Brasil, em pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose. Os custos totais foram a soma dos custos diretos e indiretos incorridos antes e durante o diagnóstico e tratamento. A regressão logística foi utilizada para estudar determinantes de custos catastróficos. A pobreza foi medida como renda familiar per capita diária < U$ 5,5. Resultados trezentos e sessenta e um pacientes foram inscritos no estudo. O custo extrapolação foi de R$3.664,47 (DP: R$ 2.667,67) e o custo total de extrapolação foi de R$22.291,82 (DP: R$ 16.259,50). No geral, 29% dos participantes do estudo foram caracterizados como pobres antes da tuberculose, e 39% depois. Em média, a renda diminuiu em 11% dos participantes e 41% tiveram custos catastróficos. Os determinantes estatisticamente significativos de experimentar custos catastróficos foram: participante ser o chefe da família, vivendo na pobreza antes da tuberculose, desemprego e interrupção do trabalho durante o tratamento (p < 0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática embora o tratamento seja financiado pelo governo, a tuberculose continua resultando em custos catastróficos e diminuição da renda para muitas famílias no Brasil.

Resumen Objetivo evaluar el impacto económico domiciliario de enfermarse por tuberculosis en Brasil. Método Investigación multicéntrica transversal de 2016 a 2018, en cinco capitales de Brasil, en pacientes diagnosticados con tuberculosis. Los costos totales fueron la suma de los costos directos e indirectos incurridos antes y durante el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se utilizó la regresión logística para estudiar los determinantes de los costos catastróficos. La pobreza se midió como un ingreso familiar diario per cápita < U$ 5,5. Resultados se inscribieron 361 pacientes en el estudio. El costo de extrapolación fue de R$ 3.664,47 (DE: R$ 2.667,67) y el costo total de extrapolación fue R$ 22.291,82 (DE: R$ 16.259,50). En general, el 29% de los participantes se caracterizaron como pobres antes de la tuberculosis y el 39%, después. En promedio, los ingresos disminuyeron en 11% de los participantes y el 41% tuvo costos catastróficos. Determinantes estadísticos de costos catastróficos: participante ser cabeza de familia; vivir en pobreza antes de la tuberculosis; desempleo; interrupción del trabajo durante el tratamiento (p<0.05). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica aunque el tratamiento es financiado por el gobierno, la tuberculosis sigue teniendo costos catastróficos y una disminución de los ingresos para muchas familias en Brasil.

Abstract Objective to assess the home economics impact of illness from Tuberculosis in Brazil. Method multicenter cross-sectional research from 2016 to 2018, in five capitals of Brazil, in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis. The total costs were the sum of the direct and indirect costs incurred before and during diagnosis and treatment. Logistic regression was used to study determinants of catastrophic costs. Poverty was measured as daily household income per capita < U$ 5.5. Results 361 patients were enrolled in the study. The extrapolation cost was R$ 3,664.47 (SD: R$ 2,667.67) and the total extrapolation cost was R$ 22,291.82 (SD: R$ 16,259.50). Overall, 29% of study participants were characterized as poor before tuberculosis, and 39% afterwards. On average, income declined by 11% among participants and 41% had catastrophic costs. The statistically significant determinants of experiencing catastrophic costs were: participant being the head of the family; living in poverty before tuberculosis; unemployment and interruption of work during treatment (p <0.05). Conclusion and implications for practice although treatment is financed by the government, tuberculosis continues to cause catastrophic costs and decreased of income for many families in Brazil.

Custos atribuíveis a obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, 2018 / Costs attributable to obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in the Unified Health System, Brazil, 2018 / Costos atribuibles a la obesidad, la hipertensión y la diabetes en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, 2018

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar os custos atribuíveis a hipertensão arterial, diabetes e obesidade no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil em 2018. Métodos. Realizou-se uma estimativa dos custos atribuíveis a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis a partir dos riscos relativos e das prevalências populacionais de hipertensão, diabetes e obesidade, considerando custos de hospitalizações, procedimentos ambulatoriais e medicamentos distribuídos pelo SUS para tratamento dessas doenças. As informações de custo foram obtidas nos sistemas de informação em saúde disponíveis no SUS. A análise explorou os custos das doenças segundo sexo e idade na população adulta. Resultados. Os custos totais de hipertensão, diabetes e obesidade no SUS alcançaram 3,45 bilhões de reais (R$) (IC95%: 3,15 a 3,75) em 2018, ou seja, mais de 890 milhões de dólares (US$). Desses custos, 59% foram referentes ao tratamento da hipertensão, 30% ao do diabetes e 11% ao da obesidade. No total, 72% dos custos foram com indivíduos de 30 a 69 anos de idade e 56%, com mulheres. Considerando separadamente a obesidade como fator de risco para hipertensão e diabetes, os custos atribuíveis a essa doença chegaram a R$ 1,42 bilhão (IC95%: 0,98 a 1,87), ou seja, 41% dos custos totais. Conclusões. As estimativas dos custos atribuíveis às principais doenças crônicas associadas à alimentação inadequada evidenciam a grande carga econômica dessas doenças para o SUS. Os dados mostram a necessidade de priorizar políticas integradas e intersetoriais para a prevenção e o controle da hipertensão, do diabetes e da obesidade e podem apoiar a defesa de intervenções como medidas fiscais e regulatórias para alcançar os objetivos da Década de Ação das Nações Unidas sobre Nutrição.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the cost attributable to arterial hypertension, diabetes and obesity in the Unified Health System of Brazil in 2018. Method. The study estimated the cost attributable to non-communicable chronic diseases based on relative risk and population prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, considering the cost of hospitalizations, outpatient procedures, and medications distributed by the SUS to treat these diseases. Cost data were obtained from SUS information systems. The analysis explored the cost of disease according to sex and age in the adult population. Results. The total cost of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in the SUS reached R$ 3.45 billion (95%CI: 3.15-3.75) in 2018, that is, more than US$ 890 million. Of this amount, 59% referred to the treatment of hypertension, 30% to diabetes, and 11% to obesity. The age group from 30 to 69 years accounted for 72% of the total costs, and women accounted for 56%. When obesity was considered separately as a risk factor for hypertension and diabetes, the cost attributable to this diseases reached R$ 1.42 billion (95%CI: 0.98-1.87), i.e., 41% of the total cost. Conclusions. The estimates of costs attributable to the main chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet revealed a heavy economic burden of these disorders for the SUS. The data show the need to prioritize integrated and intersectoral policies for the prevention and control of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, and may support the advocacy for interventions such as fiscal and regulatory measures to ensure that the objectives of the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition are met.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar los costos atribuibles a la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes y la obesidad en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) de Brasil en el 2018. Métodos. Se estimaron los costos atribuibles a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles a partir de los riesgos relativos y de las tasas de prevalencia poblacional de hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad, teniendo en cuenta los costos de hospitalización, los procedimientos ambulatorios y los medicamentos distribuidos por el SUS para el tratamiento de esas enfermedades. Los datos de costos se obtuvieron en los sistemas de información de salud disponibles en el SUS. En el análisis se exploraron los costos de las enfermedades según el sexo y la edad de la población adulta. Resultados. Los costos totales atribuibles a la hipertensión, la diabetes y la obesidad en el SUS alcanzaron R$ 3,450 milliones (IC 95%: de 3,15 a 3,75) en el 2018, o sea, más de US$ 890 millones. De esos costos, 59% correspondió al tratamiento de la hipertensión, 30% al de la diabetes y 11% al de la obesidad. En total, 72% de los costos correspondieron a personas de 30 a 69 años y 56%, a mujeres. Al considerarse por separado la obesidad como factor de riesgo de hipertensión y diabetes, los costos atribuibles a esa enfermedad alcanzaron R$ 1.420 millones (IC 95%: de 0,98 a 1,87), o sea, 41% del total. Conclusiones. Las estimaciones de los costos atribuibles a las principales enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la alimentación inadecuada ponen de manifiesto la pesada carga económica de esas enfermedades para el SUS. Los datos muestran la necesidad de priorizar políticas integradas e intersectoriales para la prevención y el control de la hipertensión, la diabetes y la obesidad, y permiten apoyar la defensa de intervenciones como medidas fiscales y regulatorias para alcanzar los objetivos del Decenio de las Naciones Unidas de Acción sobre la Nutrición.(AU)

The Economic Burden of Selected Analgesic Drugs Prescription by Dentists in Slovakia

Objective: To analyse economic burden of selected analgesic drugs prescription by dentists in Slovakia over a 24-month period. Material and Methods: In this economic burden study, the data were provided from the largest public health insurance company in Slovakia. It was analysed 23,256 prescriptions of selected analgesic drugs (Acetylsalicylic Acid, Diclofenac, Nimesulide, Tramadol and Metamizole Sodium) by dentists in Slovakia. Results: The highest analgesics prescription by dentists was found in Diclofenac in 2016 with 11.2% prescription increase in 2017. The significant decrease of analgesic drug prescription by dentists in 2017 was observed in Tramadol (-29.9%). The economic burden of selected analgesic drugs by patients were €33,926 in 2017 with 21.3% significant decrease of average percentage differences (APD) in Tramadol and 84.6% significant increase of APD in Metamizole sodium in 2017. Patients participated 65.5% share in payment of selected analgesic drugs and Health Insurance Company participated only 34.5% share in payment of selected analgesic drugs in 2017. It was found increase of percentage analgesic drugs prescription in Diclofenac and Nimesulide and decrease of percentage drug prescription in Metamizole sodium from 1/2016 to 12/2017. Conclusion: Economic burden on analgesic drugs prescribed by dentist was low per Slovak inhabitant in calculated. Diclofenac was most frequent prescribed analgesic drug with the highest economic burden. We recommend prescribing cheaper analgesic drugs with a lower economic burden and with the same effect.

Permanência, custo e mortalidade relacionados às internações cirúrgicas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde / Permanence, cost and mortality related to surgical admissions by the Unified Health System / Permanencia, costo y mortalidad relacionados a las internaciones quirúrgicas por el Sistema Único de Salud

Objetivo analisar a tendência temporal das internações cirúrgicas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde segundo a permanência hospitalar, os custos e a mortalidade por subgrupos de procedimentos cirúrgicos no Brasil. Método estudo ecológico de séries temporais. As variáveis internações cirúrgicas, permanência, custo e mortalidade foram obtidas do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. A análise de tendência temporal utilizou o modelo de regressão polinomial. Resultados em nove anos, 37.565.785 internações cirúrgicas foram registradas. A tendência temporal das internações cirúrgicas foi constante (p=0,449); a média de permanência (3,8 dias) foi decrescente e significativa (p<0,01); o custo médio (389,16 dólares) e mortalidade (1,63%) foram crescentes e significativos (p<0,01). Nos subgrupos de procedimentos cirúrgicos do aparelho da visão, torácica, cirurgia oncológica e outras cirurgias, a evolução temporal das cirurgias foi crescente e significativa (p<0,05). Em contraste, as cirurgias de glândulas endócrinas, aparelho digestivo, geniturinário, mama, reparadora e bucomaxilofacial apresentaram tendência significativa de declínio (p<0,05). Nos demais subgrupos, a tendência foi constante. Conclusão as evidências geradas retratam a tendência das internações cirúrgicas na última década no país e fornecem subsídios para a elaboração eficiente de políticas públicas, planejamento e gestão na direção da cobertura universal em assistência cirúrgica.

Objective to analyze the time trend of surgical admissions by the Unified Health System according to hospital stay, costs and mortality by subgroups of surgical procedures in Brazil. Method ecological study of time series. The variables surgical hospitalization, permanence, cost and mortality were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System. The trend analysis used the polynomial regression model. Results in nine years, 37,565,785 surgical admissions were recorded. The mean duration of surgical admissions was constant (p = 0.449); the mean stay (3.8 days) was decreasing and significant (p <0.01); the mean cost (389.16 dollars) and mortality (1.63%) were increasing and significant (p <0.01). In subgroups of eye, thoracic, oncological and other surgeries, the temporal evolution of surgeries was increasing and significant (p <0.05). In contrast, endocrine glands, digestive tract, genitourinary, breast, reconstruction and buco-maxillofacial surgeries showed a significant trend of decline (p <0.05). In the other subgroups, the trend was constant. Conclusion evidence shows the trend of surgical admissions in the last decade in the country and provide subsidies for the efficient elaboration of public policies, planning and management towards universal coverage in surgical care.

Objetivo analizar la tendencia temporal de las internaciones quirúrgicas por el Sistema Único de Salud según la permanencia hospitalaria, los costos y la mortalidad por subgrupos de procedimientos quirúrgicos en Brasil. Método estudio ecológico de series temporales. Las variables internaciones quirúrgicas, permanencia, costo y mortalidad fueron obtenidas del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. El análisis de tendencia temporal utilizó el modelo de regresión polinomial. Resultados en nueve años, 37.565.785 internaciones quirúrgicas fueron registradas. La tendencia temporal de las internaciones quirúrgicas fue constante (p=0,449), la media de permanencia (3,8 días) fue decreciente y significativa (p<0,01), el costo medio (389,16 dólares) y mortalidad (1,63%) fueron crecientes y significativos (p<0,01). En los subgrupos de procedimientos quirúrgicos del aparato de la visión, torácica, cirugía oncológica y otras cirugías, la evolución temporal de las cirugías fue creciente y significativa (p<0,05). En contraste, las cirugías de glándulas endócrinas, aparato digestivo, genitourinario, mama, reparadora y buco-maxilofacial presentaron tendencia significativa de declive (p<0,05). En los demás subgrupos, la tendencia fue constante. Conclusión las evidencias generadas retratan la tendencia de las internaciones quirúrgicas en la última década en el país y fornece subsidios para la elaboración eficiente de políticas públicas, planeamiento y gestión en la dirección de la cobertura universal en asistencia quirúrgica.

Necesidad de estudios sobre costos en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas Guantánamo / Need for cost studies at the University of Medical Sciences Guantánamo

Se presentaron resultados parciales del Proyecto Institucional Evaluación del impacto de la metodología para el desarrollo del capital intelectual en los servicios de salud, en ejecución por la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo desde el 2016. La investigación permitió fundamentar la necesidad del efectivo dominio del costo como herramienta de administración económica en Salud, estableciéndose el problema en cómo contribuir a su implementación en el funcionamiento colectivo de la institución. Los métodos de investigación empleados aportaron la información primaria a partir de la cual pudo caracterizarse el estado actual del problema y el diseño de un material instructivo para el tratamiento sistémico del costo que, como objetivo cumplido, puede favorecer la satisfacción de las demandas que tiene la Universidad Médica dentro del desarrollo económico hasta el 2030 en la provincia(AU)

Partial results of the Institutional Project Evaluation of the impact of the methodology for the development of intellectual capital in health services were presented, in execution by the University of Medical Sciences of Guantanamo since 2016. The investigation allowed substantiating the need for effective domain of the cost as a tool of economic administration in Health, establishing the problem in, how to contribute to its implementation in the collective operation of the institution. The research methods were used and provided the primary information from which the current state of the problem could be characterized and the design of an instructive material for the systemic treatment of the cost, as a fulfilled objective, can favor the satisfaction of the demands of the Medical University within the economic development until 2030 in the province(AU)

El crecimiento de los costos en salud visto desde la ineficiencia / Increase in health costs considered from the inefficiency viewpoint

La gerencia consiste esencialmente en convertir recursos en resultados. Su éxito estriba en alcanzar el mejor producto con el menor consumo de los medios tangibles e intangibles requeridos. La salud pública presenta generalmente fallas en el manejo óptimo de los recursos, heredadas algunas de la administración pública y otras autóctonas. Se tiende más a conseguir recursos adicionales que en aplicar tecnologías que eleven su aprovechamiento e impulsen la excelencia y la sostenibilidad del sistema. Los países clasificados como los que más gastan en salud con respecto a su PIB, aparecen por debajo de la media con respecto al desempeño de sus sistemas. Para entender estas contradicciones, se ha hecho un estudio que considera: el complejo formado por mejor atención, mejores medicamentos y nuevas tecnologías; la transición demográfica; la corrupción y; las fallas estratégicas, organizativas y de toma de decisiones. Se concluye que la cuestión principal no está en la cantidad de recursos disponibles, sino en qué se hace con lo que se tiene y mientras este problema no se aborde con ese enfoque, se corre el riesgo de perjudicar una actividad altamente humanitaria e imprescindible para el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las naciones y de sus ciudadanos(AU)

In essence, management consists of transforming resources into results. Its success lies in achieving the best product at the lowest consumption of required tangible and intangible means. Public healthcare generally shows faults in the optimal management of resources, some inherited from the public administration and others are inherent. The most common trend is asking for additional financing instead of using technologies that increase performance and encourage excellence and sustainability of the system. Those countries ranked as spending more resources in health care according to their gross domestic product, show indexes under the average level in the system performance. For understanding these contradictions, the present study takes into account the complex formed by best care, best drugs and new technologies; demographic transition, corruption, and strategic, organizational and decision-taking faults. It is concluded that the amount of available resources is not the main issue, but all what can be done with them. If this problem is not addressed with this approach, then there is a risk of damaging a highly humanitarian and indispensable activity for the growth and development of the nations and their citizens as healthcare(AU)

Costo por estadio de la atención integral del paciente diabético tipo 2 con enfermedad renal crónica / Cost per stage of comprehensive care of type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease / Custo por estágio de cuidados integrais de pacientes diabéticos de tipo 2 com doença renal crônica

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el costo de la enfermedad renal crónica por estadio en pacientes con diabetes. Métodos: Estudio de costos en diabéticos tipo 2, se integraron cinco grupos definidos a partir del estadio de la enfermedad renal crónica. Se incluyeron aquellos con más de cinco años de evolución de la diabetes tipo 2, el tamaño de la muestra se calculó para cada estadio y la selección fue aleatoria simple. El diagnóstico por estadio se calculó mediante la ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault. El costo promedio se integró a partir del perfil de uso y el costo unitario, se realizó estimación de la proyección del costo, también se realizó estimación del costo para un paciente con 25 años de vida con enfermedad renal crónica. Resultados: En el estadio 1 el costo anual es $587.39, y en el estadio 5, $10,748.51. Otorgar la atención durante 25 años en una población de 100 pacientes diabéticos ajustados por letalidad, permanencia en el estadio e inflación cuesta $7,067,674 y el costo promedio de un individuo en este mismo escenario es $70,672. Conclusión: Se puede decir que el costo por estadio de la enfermedad renal crónica en el paciente diabético es alto con notable diferencia entre los distintos estadios.

Abstract Objective: To identify the cost of chronic kidney disease by stage in patients with diabetes. Methods: Cost study in type 2 diabetics, in five groups defined from the stage of chronic kidney disease. Those with more than five years of evolution of type 2 diabetes were included; the sample size was calculated for each stage and the selection was simple random. The diagnosis by stage was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. The average cost was integrated from the profile of use and the unit cost, estimation of the projection of the cost was made, an estimate of the cost was also made for a patient with 25 years old with chronic kidney disease. Results: In stage 1, the annual cost is $ 587.39, and in stage 5, $ 10,748.51. Caring for 25 years in a population of 100 diabetic patients adjusted for lethality, keeping the stadium and inflation costs $ 7,067,674, and the average cost of an individual in this same scenario is $ 70,672. Conclusion: It can be said that the cost per stage of chronic kidney disease in the diabetic patient is high, with marked difference between the different stages.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar o custo da doença renal crônica por estágio em pacientes com diabetes Métodos: estudo de custo em diabéticos de tipo 2, em cinco grupos definidos a partir do estágio de doença renal crônica. Aqueles com mais de cinco anos de evolução do diabetes tipo 2 foram incluídos; o tamanho da amostra foi calculado para cada estágio e a seleção foi aleatória simples. O diagnóstico por fase foi calculado utilizando a equação de Cockcroft-Gault. O custo médio foi integrado a partir do perfil de uso e do custo unitário; foi feita uma estimativa da projeção do custo; e uma estimativa do custo também foi feita para um paciente com 25 anos com doença renal crônica. Resultados: Na fase 1, o custo anual é de US $ 587,39, e na etapa 5, $ 10,748.51. O cuidado por 25 anos em uma população de 100 pacientes diabéticos ajustados pela letalidade, mantendo o estádio e a inflação, custa US $ 7.067.674, e o custo médio de um indivíduo neste mesmo cenário é de US $ 70.672. Conclusão: pode-se dizer que o custo por estágio da doença renal crônica no paciente diabético é alto, com diferença acentuada entre os diferentes estágios.

Costo por años de vida perdidos: una propuesta para estimar el impuesto al tabaco / Cost per year of potential life lost: a proposal to estimate tobacco taxation

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar y justificar la carga impositiva de los cigarrillos, con base en los años de vida que se pierden por su consumo. Métodos Mediante revisión de literatura se estimó la reducción promedio de la expectativa de vida de un fumador. Se aplicó a cada año perdido el valor empleado en estudios de costo-efectividad, de tres veces el PIB per cápita (COP 16 613.951 de 2015, equivalentes a USD 6 056, aplicando tasa de 1 USD=2 743 COP). A partir de los años de consumo promedio, y de los paquetes que consume en ese lapso, se estimó el impuesto que debería tener cada paquete para que, con un interés de 3 % anual, el fumador al fallecer reuniera el valor correspondiente a los años que pierde. Resultados Dada una reducción promedio de esperanza de vida de seis años, cada fumador debería contribuirle al sistema de salud COP 299 051 115 (USD 109 008). Si en promedio consume 166 paquetes de cigarrillos anuales, durante 50 años, debería reunir COP 2.659 648 (USD 969) cada año, y cada paquete debería tener un impuesto de COP 16 022 (USD 5,84). Conclusiones Si se acepta que el sistema de salud pague hasta tres PIB per cápita por cada año de vida por intervenciones en salud que aporten años, es razonable que aquellas intervenciones que quitan años de vida hagan también un aporte equivalente.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives Taxes are the most effective measure to reduce tobacco consumption, although this remains a controversial matter. This study presents a method to determine and justify taxation based on the monetary value of the years of potential life lost due to tobacco consumption. Methods A literature review allowed estimating the average reduction of life expectancy in smokers. The value used in cost-effectiveness studies -three times the GDP per capita (COP 16 613 951 for 2015, equivalent to USD 6 056, applying an exchange rate of USD 1=COP 2743) - was applied to each year lost. Considering the average years of tobacco consumption and the number of packs consumed during that period, the tax that each pack should have was estimated in such a way that, by the time the smoker dies, he or she will have paid for the years lost with an annual interest rate of 3 %. Results Given an average reduction of life expectancy of 6 years, each smoker should contribute to the health system with COP 299 051 115 (USD 109 008). With an annual average consumption of 166 cigarette packs for 50 years, a smoker should pay each year COP 2 659 648 (USD 969), which means that each cigarette pack should have a tax of COP 16 022 (USD 5.84). Conclusions If it is accepted that the health system has to pay up to three times the GDP per capita for each year of life in health interventions that add years, it is reasonable to think that those interventions that take away years of life should also make an equivalent contribution.(AU)

Implementing apportionment strategy to identify costs in a multidisciplinary clinic / Implantação de estratégia de rateio para identificação do custo em clínica multidisciplinar

ABSTRACT Objective To present the implementation of an apportionment strategy proportional to the productive areas of a multidisciplinary clinic, defining the minimum values to be passed monthly to health professionals who work there. Methods A study of the clinic structure was carried out, in which the area of occupation of each service was defined. Later the cost was prorated, allocating a value to each room, proportional to the space occupied. Results The apportionment implementation allowed the clinic managers to visualize the cost of each room, providing a value base for formation of a minimum amount necessary to be passed monthly to each professional, as a form of payment for rent of using their facilities. Conclusion The risk of financial loss of the clinic was minimized due to variation of its productivity, as well as the conditions of transference at the time of hiring by professionals were clear, promoting greater confidence and safety in contract relations.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a implantação de uma estratégia de rateio proporcional às áreas produtivas de uma clínica multidisciplinar, definindo valores mínimos a serem repassados mensalmente aos profissionais de saúde que as ocupam. Métodos Estudo da estrutura da clínica, no qual foi definida, em metros quadrados, a área de ocupação de cada serviço. Em seguida, o custo foi rateado, alocando um valor a cada sala, proporcional ao espaço ocupado. Resultados A implantação do rateio possibilitou aos gestores da clínica estudada visualizar o custo de cada sala, fornecendo uma base de valor para formação de um valor mínimo necessário a ser repassado mensalmente para cada profissional, como forma de pagamento pelo aluguel de utilização de suas instalações. Conclusão Minimizou-se o risco de prejuízo da clínica pela variação de sua produtividade, bem como ficaram claras as condições de repasse no momento de contratação do aluguel pelos profissionais, promovendo maior confiança e segurança na relação contratual.

Desigualdad en recursos financieros de la Atención Primaria de Salud Municipal en Chile, 2001-2013 / Inequality of financial resources for primary health care

Background: The availability of health care resources is one of the main factors influencing health care inequalities. Aim: To evaluate communal inequality in financial resources for municipal primary care in Chile. Material and Methods: The evolution of income, expenditure and investment per subject enrolled was assessed for the period 2001-2013 in the 320 municipalities that administer municipal health. Inequality was evaluated using Lorenz curves and annual indicators (Gini, Theil, Coefficient of Variation and Reason 90/10). For a panel analysis with fixed effects, the association of these resources with socioeconomic variables and municipal health was evaluated. Results: The Gini of per capita spending increased 1.75 times, while the Gini investment grew by 30%. Per capita spending was significantly and inversely associated with poverty, dependency on the Municipal Common Fund, resources coming from the City Hall, spending per capita, expenses in personnel, performance and investment, rate of years of potential life lost and infant mortality. A direct and significant association was observed with global, less than two years and greater than 64 years urban population, destination of municipal revenue to health, per capita investment in health, rate of healthcare professionals, number of attentions and health care centers and availability of primary emergency facilities. Per capita investment was inversely associated with the number of health care centers and directly to the Fund dependency, municipal health coverage and personnel expenses. Conclusions: Inequality in municipal health funds increased substantially and were associated with social vulnerability, access to municipal health and community health outcomes.

Estimativa de custos diretos do Programa Municipal de Controle da Dengue de Goiânia-GO / Costs of the Municipal Dengue Control Program of Goiânia, Brazil / Costos directos del Programa Municipal de Control de Dengue de Goiânia-GO, Brasil

OBJETIVO: estimar os custos do Programa Municipal de Controle da Dengue de Goiânia-GO, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo de custo de programa considerando períodos epidêmico (outubro/2009-abril/2010) e endêmico (maio-setembro/2010) de transmissão da doença, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS); os componentes de custo analisados foram recursos humanos, capacitação, infraestrutura, equipamentos de escritório, transporte, equipamentos de proteção individual, material de campo, material laboratorial, inseticidas e mobilização social; custos de capital (investimento) e recorrentes foram considerados. RESULTADOS: a média mensal de custos recorrentes foi de R$1.355.760 (US$814,075) e R$981.100 (US$589,108) nos períodos epidêmico e endêmico respectivamente; o custo de capital anual foi estimado em R$683.315 (US$410,301); cerca de 82%, 15% e 3% do custo total referem-se, respectivamente, às fontes de recurso municipal, federal e estadual. CONCLUSÃO: o custo adicional resultante das epidemias de dengue fornece subsídios para um melhor planejamento das atividades de prevenção e controle da infecção.

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the cost of the Municipal Program for Dengue Control in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. METHODS: Costs of program considering epidemic (October/2009-April/2010) and endemic (May-September/2010) periods of dengue transmission, from the perspective of the National Unified Health System (SUS); cost components considered were human resources, training, infrastructure, office equipment, transportation, personal protective equipment, field equipment, laboratory equipment, insecticides and social mobilization; capital (investment) and recurring costs were considered. RESULTS: average monthly recurring costs were R$1,355,760 (US$814,075) and R$981,100 (US$589,108), for the epidemic and endemic periods, respectively; annual capital cost was R$683,315 (US$410,301); approximately 82%, 15% and 3% of the total cost were from municipal, federal and state level funding sources, respectively. CONCLUSION: estimated incremental costs resulting from dengue epidemics provide information to support planning of dengue prevention and control activities.

OBJETIVO: estimar los costos del Programa Municipal de Control de Dengue en el municipio de Goiânia-GO, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio de costos del programa teniendo en cuenta períodos epidémicos (octubre/2009-abril/2010) y endémicos (mayo-septiembre/2010) de la transmisión de dengue; dentro de la perspectiva del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS); los componentes de los costos analizados fueron recursos humanos, capacitación, infraestructura, equipo de oficina, transporte, equipo de protección personal, equipo de campo, materiales de laboratorio, insecticidas y movilización social, teniendo en cuenta los costos de capital (inversión) y recurrentes. RESULTADOS: el valor mensual de costos recurrentes fue R$1.355.760 (US$814,075) y R$981.100 (US$589,108), en los períodos epidémicos y endémicos, respectivamente; los costos de capital durante el periodo de estudio fueron R$683,315 (US$410,301); alrededor de 82%, 15% y 3% de los costos totales fueron de fuente municipal, federal y estatal, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: el conocimiento de los costos adicionales resultantes de las epidemias de dengue puede apoyar a una mejor planificación de las actividades de prevención y control del dengue.

Modelo de simulación y minería de datos para identificar y predecir cambios presupuestales en la atención de pacientes con hipertensión arterial / Simulation and data mining model for identifying and prediction budget changes in the care of patients with hypertension

Objetivo Presentar un modelo de simulación en el cual se establece el impacto económico que, para el sistema de seguridad social, produce la evolución diagnóstica de pacientes asociados con la hipertensión arterial. Métodos La información utilizada corresponde a la contenida en los Registros Individuales de Salud (RIPs). Se realizó una caracterización estadística y se planteó un modelo de almacenamiento matricial en Matlab. Se utilizó minería de datos para la elaboración de predictores y finalmente, se construyó un entorno de simulación para determinar el costo económico de la evolución diagnóstica. Resultados La población que evoluciona desde el diagnóstico corresponde a un 5,7 % y el sobrecosto de producirlo es de 43,2 %. Conclusiones Se abre la posibilidad para realizar investigaciones orientadas a establecer las relaciones diagnósticas dentro de toda la información reportada en los RIPs, con el fin de establecer indicadores econométricos que determinen cuáles son las evoluciones diagnósticas con mayor relevancia en el impacto presupuestal.(AU)

Objective To present a simulation model that establishes the economic impact to the health care system produced by the diagnostic evolution of patients suffering from arterial hypertension. Methodology The information used corresponds to that available in Individual Health Records (RIPs, in Spanish). A statistical characterization was carried out and a model for matrix storage in MATLAB was proposed. Data mining was used to create predictors. Finally, a simulation environment was built to determine the economic cost of diagnostic evolution. Results 5.7 % of the population progresses from the diagnosis, and the cost overrun associated with it is 43.2 %. Conclusions Results shows the applicability and possibility of focussing research on establishing diagnosis relationships using all the information reported in the RIPS in order to create econometric indicators that can determine which diagnostic evolutions are most relevant to budget allocation.(AU)

Comportamiento de los costos hospitalarios en el sangrado digestivo alto no variceal / Behavior of hospital costs in the non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: el mantenimiento de la salud cubana en los niveles deseados es una tarea que requiere del esfuerzo de muchos factores y de cuantiosos recursos monetarios, por lo que se hace necesario garantizar la utilización eficiente de los recursos, el ahorro y la eliminación de gastos innecesarios. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de los costos hospitalarios en los pacientes con sangrado digestivo alto no variceal ingresados en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García en el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2012 a diciembre de 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, explicativo de tipo observacional, de corte longitudinal con dos grupos de pacientes con el diagnóstico de sangrado digestivo alto no variceal a través de la aplicación del método clínico. Resultados: los costos hospitalarios de importantes indicadores disminuyeron considerablemente en el grupo de pacientes a los que se les aplicó el ácido tranexámico cómo variante terapéutica con respecto a los que no se le administró este medicamento. Conclusiones: en el grupo de pacientes que se usó el ácido tranexámico, disminuyó el número de complicaciones y fallecidos, lo que se traduce en una rápida reincorporación social del paciente y mejor calidad de vida para este y sus familiares(AU)

Introduction: keeping the Cuban population´s health at desirable levels is one task requiring the efforts of many people and a lot of financial resources, so it is necessary to assure the effective use of resources, saving and reduction of unwanted costs. Objective: to analyze the behavior of hospital costs in the treatment of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and admitted to General Calixto Garcia university hospital in the period of June 2012 through December 2013. Methods: quasiexperimental, observational-type explanatory and longitudinal study performed in two groups of patients diagnosed as non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding cases through the clinical method. Results: the hospital costs of essential indicators significantly lowered in the group of patients treated with traexamic acid as therapeutic option when compared with those who were not administered this drug. Conclusions: the number of complications and of deaths decreased in the group of patients using tranexamic acid, which means rapid social reincorporation and better quality of life for them and their relatives(AU)

Evaluación de Tecnología Sanitaria y su impacto en políticas de tarificación y cobertura de medicamentos / Health technology assessment and its impact on pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies

The article conceptualizes the pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies related to financial coverage in the context of health systems. It introduces the pharmaceutical market as an imperfect one, in which appropriate regulation is required. Moreover, the basis that guide the pricing and reimbursement processes are defined and described in order to generate a categorization based on whether they are intended to assess the 'added value' and if the evaluation is based on cost-effectiveness criteria. This framework is used to review different types of these policies applied in the international context, discussing the role of the Health Technology Assessment in these processes. Finally, it briefly discusses the potential role of these types of policies in the Chilean context.

Avaliação dos custos do tratamento de tuberculose em município de médio porte do nordeste brasileiro / Evaluation of the costs of treatment of tuberculosis in a medium-sized municipality in northeastern Brazil

A tuberculose é um problema de saúde global e o Brasil se encontra entre os países com alta carga desta doença e que tem por prioridade seu controle. A análise dos custos da tuberculose é importante para a gestão, pois subsidia a tomada de decisão, a definição de orçamento, o planejamento das atividades e a alocação dos recursos de forma eficiente. Além de ser uma afecção que impacta no orçamento familiar, piorando as condições de vida da população mais pobre, na qual é maior a incidência. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os custos do tratamento da Tuberculose sob a perspectiva da sociedade e do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Realizouse um estudo de análise de custos dos casos incidentes no primeiro semestre de 2013, no município de Limoeiro, Pernambuco, Brasil. O levantamento dos casos bem como os valores monetários dos itens de despesa para estimação dos custos para o SUS foi obtido na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Os custos para as famílias foram coletados por meio de um formulário que incluía entre outros, transporte, alimentação e as perdas de renda associadas à doença. A técnica aplicada na apuração dos custos foi de custeio por absorção. O custo médio para tratamento de um caso novo de tuberculose para o sistema público de saúde foi, aproximadamente, R$ 293,91 e o custo médio para as famílias, R$ 3.119,40 por caso tratado, comprometendo 48% da renda familiar. A perda de renda devido à incapacidade temporária foi item que mais comprometeu os custos familiares. O presente estudo ratifica que os custos desta doença, independente da visão da sociedade e sistema saúde, devem ser conhecidos por gestores e profissionais de saúde para maior empenho no seu controle, a fim de obter melhores resultados e, com isso, amenizar o impacto financeiro para as famílias, já que os custos intangíveis não podem ser mensurados.(AU)

Tuberculosis is a global health problem and Brazil is among the countries with a high level of this disease and has prioritized its control. The cost analysis of tuberculosis is important for its management, since it subsidizes decision making, budget planning, the planning of activities and the efficient allocation of resources. Besides being a disease that affects the family budget, worsening the living conditions of the poorest population in which the incidence is higher. The objective of this study was to evaluate the costs of tuberculosis treatment from the perspective of society and the Unified Health System. We conducted a cost analysis study of incident cases in the first semester of 2013, in the city of Limoeiro, Pernambuco, Brazil. The survey of cases, as well as the monetary values of the items and expense for estimating the costs to the Unified Health System were obtained from the Municipal Health Secretariat. The costs to families were collected by filling out a form with information which included among others, transportation, food and the loss of income associated with the disease. The technique applied in calculation of costs was the absorption costing. The average cost of treating a new case of tuberculosis to public health system was approximately R$ 293,91 and the average cost to families was R$ 3,119.40 per case treated, consuming 48% of family income. The loss of income due to temporary disability was the item that most burdened the family budget. The present study confirms that the costs of this disease, regardless of the view of society and health care system, must be known to managers and health professionals for greater commitment in controlling this disease in order to achieve better results and thereby mitigate the finance impact for families, since the intangible costs cannot be measured.(AU)

Case management hospitalario (manejo de casos): una forma alternativade manejar pacientes de alto riesgode estadías hospitalarias prolongadas,de reingreso, o con múltiplesrequerimientos al momento del alta / Hospital case management

Due to demographic changes, rising health expenditures, and the reimbursement mechanisms of insurers in the past 30 years, physicians and nurses have had to changethe way services are delivered. Concepts such as cost effectiveness and patient safetyhave also led to the emergence of case management. Case management, usually ledby nurses, is responsible for early recognition of patients at high risk for prolongedhospitalization, readmission, a high level of consumption of healthcare resources,and mobilizing strategies to discharge patients as soon as possible in a safe mannerwith appropriate medical follow-up. Additionally, the case management teams areresponsible for patient education in a systematic way, for proper codification ofdiagnoses, and for ensuring proper documentation at the moment of discharge. Casemanagement has proven to reduce the length of hospital stays and readmissions. Italso facilitates the care of patients who are overwhelmed by the increasingly complexhospital procedures that they must endure. This is an exhaustive review of the literature about hospital-based case management, its origins, characteristics, types, andhow it has produced a positive impact on patient safety and metrics within hospitals.

Zero inflated statistical count models for analysing the costs imposed by GERD and dyspepsia

Background and study aims: Recent studies have shown that the high prevalence and the various clinical presentations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [GERD] and dyspepsia impose an enormous economic burden on society. Economic cost data have unique characteristics: they are counts, and they have zero inflation. Therefore, these data require special models. Poisson regression [PR], negative binomial regression [NB], zero inflated Poisson [ZIP] and zero inflated negative binomial [ZINB] regression are the models used for analysing cost data in this paper

Patients and methods: In this study, a cross-sectional household survey was distributed to a random sample of individuals between May 2006 and December 2007 in the Tehran province of Iran to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders and their related factors. The cost associated with each item was calculated. PR, NB, ZIP and ZINB models were used to analyse the data. The likelihood ratio test and the Voung test were used to conduct pairwise comparisons of the models. The log likelihood, the Akaike information criterion [AIC] and the Bayesian information criterion [BIC] were used to compare the performances of the models

Results: According to the likelihood ratio test and the Voung test and all three criteria used to compare the performance of the models, ZINB regression was identified as the best model for analysing the cost data. Sex, age, smoking status, BMI, insurance status and education were significant predictors

Conclusion: Because the NB model demonstrated a better fit than the PR and ZIP models, over-dispersion was clearly only due to unobserved heterogeneity. In contrast, according to the likelihood ratio test, the ZINB model was more appropriate than the ZIP model. The ZINB model for the cost data was more appropriate than the other models

Caracterização e custos de acidentes de motocicleta com vítimas atendidas em regime de hospitalização no município de Paranavaí-PR no ano de 2007 / Characterization and costs of motorcycle accidents with victims treated under hospitalization in the city of Paranavai in 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os acidentes de motocicletas ocorridos no município de Paranavaí-PR, em 2007, com enfoque nos custos decorrentes das vítimas que necessitaram de internação, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde e para o seguro obrigatório que cobre danos pessoais causados por veículos automotores de via terrestre, o DPVAT. Compôs-se de um estudo baseado em buscas e análises das bases de dados do Serviço Integrado de Atendimento ao Trauma e Emergência, do DPVAT e do Sistema de Informações sobre Internações do SUS. A população constou de 655 vítimas (440 homens e 215 mulheres), média de 29,5 anos, sendo que 598 (91,3%) saíram lesionadas e 11 (1,7%) morreram. A frequência da internação hospitalar foi, em média, de 27%. As internações pelo DPVAT corresponderam a 82% dos custos, sendo que o custo médio foi de R$ 1.608,60 e as internações do SUS, 18%, com custo médio de R$ 450,44 por AIH e de R$ 596,37 por paciente. O custo médio da internação dos acidentes analisados foi de R$ 1.321,00, sendo que o custo é maior quanto mais grave é o acidente. Estes são indicativos claros da necessidade de adotar políticas públicas que priorizem a aplicação dos recursos financeiros e humanos na redução dos acidentes e da sua gravidade.

This study aimed to characterize motorcycle accidents in the city Paranavaí, state of Parana, Brazil, in 2007, focusing in hospital costs, in the perspective of the Brazilian National Health System (the so-called SUS) and for the compulsory insurance that covers personal damages caused by road vehicles (DPVAT). It was based on research and analyses of databases of the Trauma and Emergency Integrated Care (SIATE), of DPVAT and SUS Admissions Information System (SIH-SUS). Population consisted of 655 victims (440 men and 215 women), 29.5 years old on average, 598 (91.3%) got injured and 11 (1.7%) died. The frequency of the hospital admission was, on average, 27%. The admissions by DPVAT corresponded to 82% of costs, and the medium cost was of R$ 1,608.60 and SUS admissions, 18%, with medium cost of R$ 450.44 by AIH and R$ 596.37 by patient. Mean cost of all admissions was R$ 1,321.00, and the cost is higher when the accident is more serious. These clearly indicate the need of adopting public policies that prioritize the application of financial and human resources in the reduction of accidents.